Use of scanning electron microscopy in the cochlea of guinea pigs / Microscopia eletrônica de varredura em cócleas de cobaias

Abstract Introduction: The use of electron microscopy in the study of the inner ear has allowed us to observe minute details of the hair cells, especially in ototoxicity studies; however, the preparation of this material is a difficult and delicate task. In an attempt to simplify the handling of these materials, two agents, toluidine blue and ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid were tested, in addition to the elimination of osmium tetroxide during the preparation of albino guinea pig cochleae. We also tested the applicability of these methodologies in an ototoxicity protocol. Objective: To verify the quality of the images obtained with and without the use of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, toluidine blue and osmium tetroxide in the preparation of cochleae of albino guinea pigs for the scanning electron microscopy. Methods: Three groups of cochleae were used. In Group 1, 10 cochleae were prepared with the usual methodology, dissecting the optical capsule without decalcification and using osmium tetroxide as a post-fixative agent. In Group 2, we prepared 10 cochleae decalcified with ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, injecting toluidine blue in the endolymphatic space to facilitate the identification of the organ of Corti. In Group 3, we used 4 cochleae of guinea pigs that received 3 doses of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg, D1-D5-D6), two prepared according to the methodology used in Group 1 and two with that used in Group 2. Scanning electron microscopy images were obtained from the organ of Corti region of the basal turn of each cochlea. Results: The organ of Corti was more easily identified with the use of toluidine blue. The dissection of the cochlea was more accurate in the decalcified cochleae. The quality of the images and the preservation of the organ of Corti obtained with the two methodologies were similar. Conclusion: The proposed modifications resulted in images of similar quality as those observed using the traditional methodology.

Resumo Introdução: O emprego da microscopia eletrônica no estudo da orelha interna permitiu observar detalhes minuciosos das células ciliadas especialmente em estudos de ototoxicidade. Entretanto, o preparo desse material é trabalhoso e delicado. Para simplificar a manipulação desses materiais, testou-se o uso de dois agentes, azul de toluidina e ácido etilenodiamino tetra-acético, além da retirada do tetróxido de ósmio na preparação de cócleas de cobaias albinas. Testamos também a aplicabilidade dessas metodologias em um protocolo de ototoxicidade. Objetivo: Verificar a qualidade das imagens obtidas com e sem o uso de ácido etilenodiamino tetra-acético, azul de toluidina e tetróxido de ósmio na preparação de cócleas de cobaias albinas para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Método: Foram utilizados três grupos de cócleas. No Grupo 1 preparou-se 10 cócleas com a metodologia usual, dissecando a cápsula ótica sem descalcificac¸ão e utilizando tetróxido de ósmio como pós-fixador. No Grupo 2 preparamos 10 cócleas descalcificadas com ácido etilenodiamino tetra-acético, injetando azul de toluidina no espac¸o endolinfático para facilitar a identificação do órgão de Corti. No Grupo 3 utilizamos 4 cócleas de cobaias que receberam 3 doses de cisplatina (7,5 mg/kg, D1-D5-D6), duas preparadas com a metodologia do Grupo 1 e duas com a do Grupo 2. Foram obtidas imagens da microscopia eletrônica de varredura da região do órgão de Corti do giro basal de cada cóclea. Resultados: O órgão de Corti foi mais facilmente identificado com o azul de touidina. A dissecção da cóclea foi mais precisa nas cócleas descalcificadas A qualidade das imagens e a preservac¸ão do órgão de Corti obtidas com as duas metodologias foi similar. Conclusão: As modificações propostas resultaram em imagens de qualidade similar as observadas com o uso da metodologia tradicional.

Enhancing Antitumor Efficacy of Cisplatin Low Dose by EDTA in Ehrlich Ascetic Carcinoma Bearing Mice

Abstract In a recent study, the treatment of different human cancer cell lines in vitro with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) showed a promising anticancer activity which could be a novel promising approach for cancer treatment. The aim of this study is to address the ability of EDTA to enhance the antitumor efficacy of the low dose of cisplatin (Cis) treatment in Ehrlich ascetic carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice. Sixty female albino mice were divided into six groups. The 1st group of mice was served as a negative control. 2nd - 6th groups were inoculated intraperitoneal (i.p) with 2×106 EAC cells/mouse. After one day of inoculation, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were injected daily for 6 days (early treatment) with phosphate buffer saline, low dose of Cis and Cis/EDTA, respectively. After six days, the 5th and 6th groups were injected with the low dose of Cis and Cis/EDTA for 6 consecutive days (late treatment), respectively. At day 14, all groups of mice were sacrificed, sera were collected for biochemical assessment, then tumor volumes, counts, live and dead cells were determined from all groups. The results showed that EDTA co-treatment enhanced the efficacy of low dose of Cis at early and late time points. In addition, EDTA co-treatment potentially ameliorated the Cis-induced side effects on liver and kidney functions. In summary, co-therapy with EDTA could enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy of low dose of Cis.

Irrigation trends among members of the Chilean Endodontic Society

Introduction: the aim of this study is to determine the current trends of irrigation during root canal therapy by specialists who are members of the Chilean Endodontic Society. materials and method: a survey (survey monkey -SurveyMonkey.com) was e-mailed to the 485 members of the Chilean Endodontic Society. the instrument was translated and adapted from the survey "irrigation trends among American Association of Endodontists members: a web-based survey" applied in the USA in 2012. participants answered a set of 16 questions that included irrigant selection, irrigant concentration, the adopted protocol, techniques or devices for irrigant activation. results: 99 percent of respondents use sodium hypochlorite as the main irrigant. data indicate that 74 percent of respondents use hypochlorite at a concentration of 5 percent. most respondents (94 percent) also include EDTA in their usual practice. In addition, 90 percent of respondents reported that they activate the irrigating agent, and 94 percent confirmed that they perform a final irrigation protocol. conclusion: the majority of respondents use sodium hypochlorite as the main irrigant at a concentration of 5 percent, use ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a smear removal agent, activate the irrigant, and perform a final irrigation protocol.

Safety and efficacy of a novel drug elores (ceftriaxone + sulbactam + disodium edetate) in the management of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections in tertiary care centers: a post-marketing surveillance study

Abstract Objective: In India, Elores (CSE-1034: ceftriaxone + sulbactam + disodium edetate) was approved as a broad spectrum antibiotic in year 2011 and is used for management of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases/Metallo Beta lactamases infections in tertiary care centers. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of this drug in patients with Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases/Metallo Beta lactamases infections and identify the incidence of adverse events in real clinical settings. Methods: This Post Marketing Surveillance study was conducted at 17 centers across India and included 2500 patients of all age groups suffering from various bacterial infections and treated with Elores (CSE1034). Information regarding demographic, clinical and microbiological parameters, dosage and treatment duration, efficacy and adverse events (AEs) associated with the treatment were recorded. Results: A total of 2500 patients were included in the study and efficacy was evaluated in 2487 patients. In total, 409 AEs were reported in 211 (8.4%) patients. The major AEs reported were vomiting (3.0%), pain at injection site (2.5%), nausea (2.3%), redness at site (1.96%), thrombophlebitis (1.4%). Of total reported AEs, 40 (5.3%) AEs were reported in pediatric, 310 (20.6%) in adult, and 59 (23.6%) in geriatric group. No AE belonging to grade IV or V was reported in any patient. In terms of efficacy, 1977 (79.4%) patients were cured, 501 (20.1%) patients showed clinical improvement and 5 (0.2%) patients were complete failure. The treatment duration varied from 5 to 7 days in different patients depending on the infection type. Conclusion: In this post-marketing surveillance study, CSE-1034 was found to be an effective and safe option against Pip tazo and meropenem in management of patients with multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections under routine ward settings.

Influência de substâncias irrigadoras em gel sobre o biofilme microbiano / Influence of gel irrigant agents in oral biofilm

Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ação antimicrobiana do hipoclorito de sódio a 1%, da clorexidina a 2% e do EDTA a 24% ­ todos na forma de gel ­, sobre o biofilme oral. Métodos: blocos de dentina bovina estéreis foram inseridos em um dispositivo intrabucal, o qual foi utilizado por um voluntário durante 3 dias. Após a formação do biofilme, os blocos foram imersos em 100 µl das diferentes substâncias avaliadas, durante 5 minutos. Após o tratamento, as amostras foram coradas com 50 µl de uma solução com iodeto de propídio e SYTO 9, e avaliadas em um microscópio confocal imediatamente após a remoção do agente antimicrobiano, gerando um total de 50 imagens por grupo. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (α = 0,05). Resultados: diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos experimentais e controle foram observadas. O hipoclorito de sódio a 1% foi mais eficaz do que as outras substâncias avaliadas (p < 0,05). Ainda, a clorexidina a 2% reduziu a porcentagem de células vivas de forma mais significativa, comparada ao EDTA (p < 0,05). Conclusões: os agentes irrigantes utilizados nesse estudo não apresentaram capacidade de dissolução do biofilme formado in situ. No entanto, o hipoclorito de sódio apresentou melhores resultados, quanto comparado à clorexidina e ao EDTA.

Na2EDTA anticoagulant impaired blood samples from the teleost piaractus mesopotamicus / Anticoagulante Na2EDTA danifica amostras de sangue do teleósteo piaractus mesopotamicus

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Na heparin and Na2EDTA on blood of Piaractus mesopotamicus (360.7±42.4g, 26.4±1.0cm). Twenty fishes were sampled in two experiment trials, ten for erythrocyte fragility analysis and ten for hematologic and plasma biochemical study. The blood collected by venous-caudal puncture was fractioned and stored in anticoagulants solution: Na2EDTA 10%, Na2EDTA 3%, Na heparin 5000 IU and Na heparin 100 IU. Plasmatic levels of calcium presented in the Na2EDTA stored samples were about 80% lower than both heparin groups. Blood samples of P. mesopotamicus stored with Na2EDTA demonstrated increase in the hematocrit and MCV, and decrease in MCHC. The dose-response effect was observed in this study. The results are reinforced by the higher levels of plasmatic protein and hemolysis presented in the Na2EDTA 10% stored blood, confirming the deleterious effect of this anticoagulant treatment on the quality of blood samples. Na2EDTA is not indicated to store P. mesopotamicus blood samples, but sodium heparin at 100 IU is the most recommended anticoagulant, since this treatment presented the lower rate of alterations in the stored blood.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da heparina sódica e Na2EDTA no sangue de Piaractus mesopotamicus (360,7±42,4g, 26,4±1,0cm). Foram amostrados vinte peixes em dois ensaios experimentais, sendo dez peixes utilizados para análise da fragilidade dos eritrócitos e dez peixes para análise dos parâmetros hematológicos e estudo bioquímico do plasma. O sangue coletado por punção veno-caudal foi aliquotado e armazenado em diferentes soluções anticoagulantes: Na2EDTA 10%, Na2EDTA 3%, heparina sódica 5.000 UI e heparina sódica 100 UI. Níveis plasmáticos de cálcio apresentados nas amostras armazenados em Na2EDTA diminuíram cerca de 80% em relação aos dois grupos armazenados com heparina. Amostras de sangue de pacus armazenados com Na2EDTA demonstraram aumento do hematócrito e VCM, e diminuição na CHCM. O efeito dose-resposta foi observado neste estudo. Estes resultados são reforçados pelos níveis mais elevados de proteína plasmática e hemólise apresentado no sangue armazenado com Na2EDTA 10%, o que confirma o efeito deletério desse tratamento anticoagulante na qualidade de amostras de sangue. Na2EDTA não é indicada para armazenar amostras de sangue de P. mesopotamicus, e heparina sódica a 100 UI é o anticoagulante mais recomendado, uma vez que este tratamento apresentou a menor taxa de alterações no sangue armazenado.

Study of EDTA intake of children for potential use of FeNaEDTA for breakfast cereal fortification

EDTA is used as disodium salt or disodiumcalcium in foods, to prevent lipid oxidation or as color and flavor stabilizer. In some countries, FeNaEDTA is also used as a source of iron for fortification. However, EDTA has an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 2.5 mg / kg/day. The aim of this study was to estimate the intake of EDTA in children of school age and the potential use of Fe- NaEDTA as iron source for breakfast cereal fortification. A qualitative-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was conducted on 225 schoolchildren of both sexes, aged between 4 and 13, from school canteens, public and private schools, from the city of Santa Fe (Argentina). Only those foods which EDTA addition is allowed in Argentina: packaged ice cream, soda, soft drinks and powdered soft drinks (upper limit of Na2EDTA o Na2CaEDTA: 35 mg/kg) and dressings and margarines (upper limit of Na2CaEDTA: 75 mg/kg) were considered. EDTA Average Daily Consumption (ADC) was 0.06 mg/kg/day with a median of 0.011 mg/kg/day, representing 2.4% of the ADI. In the hypothetical case that FeNaEDTA would be used as iron source for breakfast cereal fortification at level of 11 mg Fe%, the potential EDTA ADC would be 0.46 ± 0.32 mg/kg/day, representing 18.4% of the ADI (2.5 mg/kg/day). Results indicate that children from Santa Fe city have an EDTA ADC currently well below the maximum ADI of EDTA, which would remain low even if FeNaEDTA is used for breakfast cereal fortification.

Estudio de la ingesta de EDTA en niños para la utilización potencial de FeNaEDTA en la fortificación de cereales para desayuno. El EDTA es utilizado en alimentos como sal disódica o disódica-cálcica, para prevenir la oxidación lipídica o como estabilizante del color y sabor. En algunos países, FeNaEDTA es también usado como una fuente de hierro para la fortificación de alimentos. Sin embargo, posee una Ingesta Diaria Admisible (IDA) de 2,5 mg/kg/día. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la ingesta de EDTA en niños y el potencial uso de FeNaEDTA como fuente de fortificación de hierro en cereales para desayuno (CPD). Se realizó un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria cuali-cuantitativo a niños de ambos sexos, en edades comprendidas entre 4 y 13 años, que asistían a comedores escolares, escuelas públicas y privadas de la Ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina. Solo se evaluaron aquellos alimentos en los que se halla permitido el agregado de EDTA en Argentina: helados envasados, gaseosas, bebidas sin alcohol y jugos en polvo, aderezos y margarina. La Ingesta Diaria Promedio (IDP) de EDTA fue de 0,06 mg/Kg/día con una mediana de 0,011 mg/kg/día, lo que representa el 2,4% de la IDA. En el hipotético caso de que FeNaEDTA fuera usado como fuente de hierro para fortificación de CPD en un nivel de 11 mg Fe%, la potencial IDP de EDTA sería de 0,46 ± 0,32 mg/kg/día, lo que representa un 18,4 % de la IDA. Los resultados indican que la IDP de EDTA está muy por debajo de la IDA máxima, la cual seguiría siendo baja incluso si el FeNaEDTA se utilizara como fortificante de hierro en CPD.

Cleaning the apical third of curved canals after different irrigation protocols

This study evaluated the protocols of sonic and vacuum irrigation regarding the capacity of debris removal from root canal systems. Canal preparations were carried out on 30 mandibular first molars using the ProTaper Universal System. Teeth were divided into two experimental groups (n=15): Group 1: sonic irrigation and Group 2: vacuum irrigation protocol. Subsequently, the mesial roots were sectioned and observed by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Three independent examiners evaluated images of the apical thirds according to the following scores: 1= small presence of debris, 2= moderate presence of debris, and 3= dense presence of debris. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α=0.05). Comparison among the groups revealed that at the apical third, the root halves of Group 1 had significantly less surface debris (p=0.002) than those of Group 2. However, at 2 mm from the working length, Group 2's specimens showed less remaining debris in approximately 75% of the analyzed root canals. At the whole apical third, the sonic irrigation protocol removed significantly more debris than the vacuum protocol. However, in the region at 2 mm from the working length, the second irrigation method demonstrated a better performance.

Este estudo avaliou protocolos de irrigação sônica e a vácuo em relação à capacidade de remoção de debris do sistema de canais radiculares. Trinta primeiros molares mandibulares tiveram seus canais radiculares preparados pela utilização do Sistema ProTaper Universal. Os dentes foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais (n=15): Grupo 1: protocolo de irrigação sônica, e Grupo 2: protocolo de irrigação a vácuo. Posteriormente, as raízes mesiais foram seccionadas e observadas em lupa estereoscópica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Três examinadores independentes avaliaram as imagens do terço apical de acordo com as seguintes pontuações: 1. pequena presença de debris; 2: moderada presença de debris; e 3. densa presença de debris. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes estatísticos ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis (α=0,05). A comparação entre os grupos revelou que, no terço apical, as hemissecções radiculares do Grupo 1 apresentaram debris remanescentes de forma significativamente menor (p=0,002) do que as do Grupo 2. No entanto, a 2 mm do comprimento de trabalho, as amostras do Grupo 2 mostraram menos debris remanescentes em aproximadamente 75% dos canais radiculares analisados. Considerando todo o terço apical, o protocolo de irrigação sônica removeu significativamente mais debris do que o protocolo de irrigação a vácuo. No entanto, na região a 2 mm do comprimento de trabalho, o segundo método de irrigação demonstrou um melhor desempenho.

Disponibilidad potencial in vitro de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil con pan fortificado con distintas fuentes de hierro o con agregado de promotores de la absorción / Iron and zinc in vitro potential availability in an infant diet with fortified bread with different iron sources or with the adition of different iron absorption promoters

Los alimentos complementarios más utilizados son las dietas caseras. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la disponibilidad de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil de consumo habitual conteniendo pan fortificado con diferentes fuentes de hierro: sulfato ferroso, bisglicinato ferroso, NaFeEDTA. También se utilizó pan sin fortificar con agregado de ácido ascórbico, citrato de sodio o Na2EDTA como promotores de la absorción, combinada con diversas bebidas. La dieta (papa, zapallo, sémola, pan y manzana) se combinó con agua, leche, té, bebida cola y bebida artificial a base de naranja. La dializabilidad (D) mineral, como indicador de la disponibilidad potencial fue determinada utilizando un método in vitro. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando ANOVA, con test de Tukey a posteriori. No hubo diferencias significativas en la DFe entre las dietas del pan fortificado con sulfato o bisglicinato; con el NaFeEDTA aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). El aumento de la DFe fue mayor en las dietas que tenían panes con promotores que en las que tenían panes fortificados. La bebida a base de naranja aumentó la DFe, mientras que el té y la leche la disminuyeron significativamente (p<0,05). La DZn aumentó en forma significativa cuando el pan estaba fortificado con sulfato o NaFeEDTA, pero no cuando se fortificó con bisglicinato. El agregado de té o leche disminuyó la DZn mientras que la bebida a base de naranja la aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). En relación a los promotores, las mayores DFe y DZn se observaron en las dietas con el pan sin fortificar, con agregado de Na2EDTA.

Home-made diets are the most frequently used complementary foods. In the present work we evaluated iron and zinc availability in a usually consumed infant diet containing either iron-fortified bread with different iron sources: ferrous sulfate, ferrous bisglycinate, NaFeEDTA. We also used non-fortified bread with absorption promoters: ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, Na2EDTA, combined with different beverages. The diet (potato, pumpkin, grits, bread, and apple) was combined with water, milk, tea, a soft drink and an orange-based artificial drink. Mineral dialyzability (D) as an indicator of potential availability was determined using an in vitro method. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, and a posteriori Tukey test. There were no significant differences in FeD between diets with ferrous sulfate or ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread; in NaFeEDTA fortified bread it increased significantly (p<0.05). Iron D increase was greater in diets with bread containing absorption promoters than in those with fortified bread. The orange-based artificial drink increased FeD, while tea and milk decreased it significantly (p<0.05). Zinc D increased significantly when the bread was fortified either with ferrous sulfate or NaFeEDTA, but remained unchanged in diets with ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread. The addition of tea or milk decreased ZnD while the orange-based artificial drink increased it significantly (p<0.05). Regarding absorption promoters, the greater values both in FeD and ZnD were observed in diets with iron nonfortified bread containing Na2EDTA.

A comparative evaluation of smear layer removal using two rotary instrument systems with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in different states: A SEM study.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution and 19% EDTA gel to remove debris, and smear layer produced during root canal preparation with two NiTi files systems, Mtwo and Protaper. Materials and Methods: Twenty freshly extracted human anterior teeth with single root canal were collected. The crowns were sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction, and working length was measured. These samples were randomly divided into four groups of five samples each. In each group, 2ml of 3 % sodium hypochlorite solution was used with first instrument. The groupings were as follows. Group 1: 2 ml of 17% EDTA solution and 2 ml of 3% NaOCl were used alternatively each time a new file was employed. This group was prepared with Mtwo rotary files. Group 2: The samples in this group was prepared with Mtwo rotary files. EDTA gel (19%) was used and the samples were irrigated with 2 ml of 3% NaOCl. NaOCl and EDTA gel were used alternatively. Group 3: Five samples were prepared with Protaper file. Irrigation regime was the same as in Group 1. Group 4: Five samples were prepared with Protaper files and irrigation regime was the same as in Group 2. SEM study was done and the collected data were submitted for statistical analysis. Results: There was no statistically significant difference with the varied instruments used (Mtwo and Protaper files), and 17% EDTA solution and 19% EDTA gel. Conclusion: Both the NITI instruments produced a similar dentin surface on root canal wall when used with EDTA gel and EDTA solution.

Pulp tissue dissolution when the use of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA alone or associated / Dissolução do tecido pulpar quando do uso do hipoclorito de sódio e EDTA isoladamente ou associados

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the tissue dissolving capacity of various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite either alone or in combination with 17 percent EDTA. METHODS: Eighty bovine pulp fragments were prepared, and their weight was determined using a precision balance. Each pulp fragment was immersed for 2 hours in a solution/mixture that was based on the following groups: G1 - saline solution; G2 - 0.5 percent NaOCl; G3 - 1.0 percent NaOCl; G4 - 2.5 percent NaOCl; G5 - 17 percent EDTA; G6 - 0.5 percent NaOCl+17 percent EDTA; G7 - 1.0 percent NaOCl+17 percent EDTA; and G8 - 2.5 percent NaOCl+17 percent EDTA. The final weight was measured, and the weight loss was calculated. A statistical analysis was performed using either the Student's t-test for paired samples or an ANOVA and Tukey tests (P<0.05 was considered to be significant). RESULTS: We measured a significant difference between the sample weight before and after treatment for each of the tested groups (P<0.05). The 2.5 percent sodium hypochlorite solution (G4) completely dissolved the pulp tissue within the test period. NaOCl+EDTA was less effective than sodium hypochlorite alone at dissolving the pulp tissue (P<0.05), and EDTA alone (G5) did not markedly dissolve the pulp tissue. CONCLUSION: Using EDTA together with NaOCl reduced the tissue dissolving properties compared with NaOCl alone, regardless of the concentration of NaOCl that was used.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de dissolução tecidual de várias concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio, isoladamente ou em combinação com o EDTA 17 por cento. METODOLOGIA: Oitenta fragmentos de polpa bovina foram preparados e seus pesos foram determinados através de uma balança de precisão. Cada fragmento pulpar foi imerso por 2 horas em cada uma das soluções/misturas e formaram os seguintes grupos: G1- Solução salina; G2- NaOCl 0,5 por cento; G3- NaOCl 1 por cento; G4- NaOCl 2,5 por cento; G5- EDTA 17 por cento; G6- NaOCl 0,5 por cento + EDTA 17 por cento; G7- NaOCl 1,0 por cento + EDTA 17 por cento; G8- NaOCl 2,5 por cento + EDTA 17 por cento. O peso final foi medido e a perda de peso calculada. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste t de Student para amostras pareadas, ou ANOVA e teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: Verificaram-se diferenças entre os pesos das amostras antes e depois do tratamento para cada um dos grupos testados (P< 0,05). A solução de hipoclorito de sódio 2,5 por cento (G4) dissolveu completamente o tecido pulpar dentro do período teste. O hipoclorito de sódio + EDTA foi menos efetivo na dissolução do tecido pulpar do que o hipoclorito de sódio sozinho (P < 0,05), e o EDTA (G5) não dissolveu o tecido pulpar. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do EDTA misturado com o hipoclorito de sódio reduziu a propriedade de dissolução tecidual comparado ao hipoclorito de sódio sozinho, a despeito das concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio.

Dializabilidad de hierro y zinc en cereales para desayunos comerciales fortificados con hierro elemental, sulfato ferroso o edta férrico sódico / Iron and zinc dialysability in commercial breakfast cereals fortified with elemental iron, ferrous sulphate or ferric sodium edta

Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) dialyzability was compared in 7 commercial ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (BC). Four of them were fortified with elemental Fe and ZnO. Fe and Zn dialyzability of 3 different types of BC fortified with ZnO and FeNa2EDTA or FeSO4 was also performed in our laboratory. An in vitro methodology that measures the percentage of mineral dialyzability (D percent) with controlled pH was used. The DFe percent values obtained for the commercially fortified BC ranged between 0.4 to 15.0 percent without milk and between 1.0 to 5.6 percent when milk was added to the cereals. In the case of Zn, the values ranged from 3.3 to 16.1 without milk and between 3.3 and 30.8 when milk was added. Almost every BC that was experimentally fortified in our laboratory presented a higher DFe percent (19.5 to 28.6 percent) and DZn percent (12.4 to 29.2) when fortified with FeNa2EDTA (with or without milk). The results obtained suggest that FeNa2EDTA is a viable alternative for the fortification of BC.

Se comparó la dializabilidad de Fe y Zn en 7 cereales para desayuno comercialmente fortificados o no, con Fe elemental y ZnO y se comparó la dializabilidad de Fe y Zn en tres tipos diferentes de cereales experimentalmente fortificados con ZnO y FeNa2EDTA o FeSO4 en el laboratorio. Se utilizó una metodología in vitro que mide el porcentaje de dializabilidad (D por ciento) del mineral en condiciones controladas de pH. Los cereales comercialmente fortificados presentaron valores de DFe por ciento entre 0,4 y 15,0 y entre 1,0 y 5,6; sin y con leche. Para DZn por ciento los valores fueron entre 3,3 y 16,1 y entre 3,3 y 30,8, sin y con leche. Casi todos los cereales fortificados en el laboratorio presentaron mayor DFe por ciento (entre 19,5 y 28,6) y DZn por ciento (entre 12,4 y 29,2) cuando fueron fortificados con FeNa2EDTA (con y sin leche). Los resultados obtenidos muestran al FeNa2EDTA como una alternativa viable para la fortificación de cereales para desayuno.

Estudo in vitro do efeito da aplicação de EDTA a 17 por cento em diferentes tempos na remoção da smear layer no terço apical de canais radiculares / In vitro study of the effect of 17 per cents EDTA application at different times in the smear layer removal in the apical third of root canals

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de EDTA a 17% em diferentes tempos, na remoção da smear layer do terço apical de canais radiculares. Vinte incisivos centrais superiores humanos foram separados em dois grupos iguais (n=10). Nos elementos do Grupo I (GI), a instrumentação do terço apical foi realizada com limas tipo K manuais acopladas ao contra ângulo de rotação alternada, pela técnica step-back, com irrigação de 1mL de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%, a cada troca de instrumento, passando por irrigação final com 1mL de EDTA a 17%, por 5 minutos. Os dentes do Grupo II (GII) passaram pelo mesmo procedimento de instrumentação, sendo irrigados com 1mL de EDTA a 17% a cada troca de instrumento. Em seguida os espécimes foram seccionados no sentido longitudinal para avaliação por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As fotomicrografias obtidas foram avaliadas e a presença da smear layer foi mensurada seguindo escores pré-estabelecidos (1 - sem smear layer, 2 - remoção parcial da smear layer com túbulos dentinários parcialmente abertos, 3 - smear layer parcialmente presente na superfície dentinária com túbulos obliterados e 4 - todas as paredes cobertas por smear layer). Em seguida, os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística de Mann-Whitney (p£0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferença estatística significante entre as técnicas de aplicação de EDTA, durante ou após a instrumentação (p>0,05). Concluiu-se que as ambas as técnicas foram capazes de remover a smear layer das paredes dentinárias do terço apical dos espécimes pesquisados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of 17% EDTA at different times in the removal of the smear layer of the apical third of root canals. Twenty human maxillary centralincisors were divided into two groups (n =10). In Group I (GI), the instrumentation of the apical third was performed using K files in the step-back technique, with an irrigation of 1ml of a 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution during each instrument change, and a final irrigation of 1ml of a 17% EDTA solution for 5 minutes. Group II (GII) underwent the same instrumentation procedure but was irrigated with 1mlof a 17% EDTA solution during each instrument change. After, the specimens were split longitudinally for evaluation via scanning electronic microscopy(SEM). The photomicrographs obtained were analyzed, and the amount of smear layer was measured following a pre-established score (1 - without smear layer, 2 - partial removal of the smear layer with dentinal tubules partially open, 3 - smear layer partially present in the dentinal surface withobliterated tubules, and 4 - all of the walls covered by smear layer). The data were submitted to statistical analysis by means of the Mann-Whitney test (p£0.05). The results demonstrated that no significant statistical difference...

A randomised double-blind study comparing sodium feredetate with ferrous fumarate in anaemia in pregnancy.

Iron deficiency anaemia is a major health problem in India especially in women of reproductive age group. The World Health Organisation recommends that the haemoglobin concentration should not fall below 11.0 g/dl at any time during pregnancy. The aim of study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two doses of sodium feredetate with ferrous fumarate in improving haemoglobin profile in pregnant anaemic women. Pregnant women with gestation period between 12 and 26 weeks having serum haemoglobin < 10 g/dl, serum ferritin levels less than 12 microg/l were included in the study. Patients were divided into 3 groups and drugs administered accordingly. A total of 48 patients were available for analysis which included 37 patients who had completed all the visits up to 75 days follow-up and 11 patients who were treatment failures. In group A combination of sodium feredetate (containing 33 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. In group B combination of sodium feredetate (containing 66 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. In group C combination of ferrous fumarate (containing 100 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. Patients were evaluated for Hb, RBC count, MCV, MCH and MCHC at day 0, 30, 45, 60 and 75. Serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC and transferrin saturation were assessed at recruitment and end study. Mean rise of haemoglobin at the completion of study, over that of basal values was 1.79 g/dl (0.71 to 2.87, 95% CI, p < 0.05) in group A, 1.84 g/dl (0.82 to 2.86, 95% CI, p < 0.05) in group B and 1.63 g/dl (0.38 to 2.88, 95% CI, p < 0.05) in group C. Safety assessment was done by doing liver and kidney function test at the time of recruitment and end study. Low doses of sodium feredetate (33 mg and 66 mg of elemental iron given twice daily) produce comparable results as higher dose of ferrous fumarate (100 mg elemental iron given twice daily). As there were no adverse effects reported with sodium feredetate, it can be concluded from this study that this new formulation appears to be effective in improving haemoglobin profile in pregnant anaemic women and is tolerated well.

Etching with EDTA--an in vitro study.

In the present study, 25% EDTA, in gel form, was used to analyse its micromorphological effects on tooth surfaces with the objective to see the effectiveness of EDTA in etching so as to replace phosphoric acid as an etchant. EDTA has neutral pH (6.4 - 7.4) and is known to open & widen the dentinal tubules as well as remove the smear layer. An in vitro study was conducted on orthodontically extracted premolars with 25% EDTA as an etchant which was applied on prepared tooth surfaces for 15 seconds, 1 minute and 3 minutes. The effects of EDTA gel was observed under SEM and results tabulated and evaluated. There was statistically significant differences between the 3 etching time groups and the results indicate that etching with 25% EDTA for 15 seconds is inadequate. The best results were obtained in the 3 minute time etch group. The results so obtained can be attributed to the fact that EDTA acts selectively and/or requires more time for action.

Efeito quelante do ácido cítrico a 10 por cento e EDTA a 17 por cento sobre Ca++ da dentina radicular / Effect of chelating by 10 per cent citric acid and 17 per cent EDTA on Ca++ from root canal dentin

Baseou-se verificar in vitro a capacidade de quelaçäo de íons de cálcio (Ca++) da dentina dos canais radiculares, quando do emprego de EDTA a 17 por cento e ácido cítrico a 10 por cento. A determinaçäo do teor de cálcio nas amostras foi feita pela espectrofotometria de absorçäo atômica. Os valores das leituras foram analisados estatisticamente tendo como nível crítico de significância 5 por cento. Considerando os intervalos de tempo de 3, 10 e 15 minutos versus substâncias, näo existiu diferença significativa entre o ácido cítrico a 10 por cento e EDTA a 17 por cento (p>0,05)

Remoçäo de Smear Layer dos canais radiculares utilizando o irrigante Endoquil / Evaluation of the Smear Layer removal in root canals using Endoquil irrigant

O trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de remoçäo de smear layer dos canais radiculares empregando diferentes tipos de irrigantes endodônticos. Foram utilizados 20 dentes, distribuídos entre quatro grupos: EDTA 17 por cento; hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25 por cento; Endoquil©; tendo a água destilada como grupo controle. Os dentes foram instrumentados e clivados, sendo as amostras submetidas à análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que os grupos do EDTA 17 por cento e Endoquil© obtiveram superior capacidade de limpeza das paredes dos canais radiculares

Tratamento endodôntico via retrógrada realizada em dentes de cäes com lesöes periapicais: avaliaçäo histomorfológica da açäo do EDTA e do hidróxido de cálcio aplicados sobre a superfície dentinária apicectomizada e material retrobturador / Retrigrade endodontic treatment performed in dog's teeth with periapical lesions: histomorphologic evaluation of EDTA and calcium hydroxide action over apicectomicized dentinal surface and retrofilling material

Foram utilizados, neste trabalho, 48 raízes de 32 pré-molares superiores e inferiores de 4 cäes adultos jovens, com lesöes periapicais crônicas, induzidas pela exposiçäo da câmara pulpar e canais radiculres ao meio oral, pelo período de 90 dias. Foi objetivo do trabalho estudar o reparo dos tecidos periapicais, após a apicectomia e tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol consistente, situado a 1 mm da superfície dentinária apicectomizada. Foi avaliada, ainda, a aplicaçäo da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio hidrossolúvel sobre o cimento obturador e superfície dentinária apicectomizada, com a aplicaçäo prévia ou näo do ácido etilenodiaminotetracético - EDTA trissódico, por 3 minutos, sobre a superfície dentinária apicectomizada. Todas as raízes, após serem apicectomizadas, receberam o preparo biomecânico, via retrógrada, e retrobturaçäo dos canais radiculares com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol consistente. Em seguida, alguns espécimes sofreram a aplicaçäo de EDTA, por 3 minutos, sobre a superfície apicetomizada. Outros espécimes, após a retrobturaçäo, receberam a aplicaçäo da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio hidrossolúvel sobre o cimento obturador e também sobre a superfície da dentina apicectomizada. Alguns espécimes, após aplicaçäo de EDTA, por 3 minutos, sobre a superfície dentinária, receberam a pasta de hidróxido de cálcio hidrossolúvel sobre o cimento obturador e superfície dentinária. De acordo com os procedimentos realizados, 4 grupos experimentais foram constituídos: Grupo I - Tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol situado a 1 mm aquém da superfície de corte; Grupo II - Tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol situado a 1 mm aquém da superfície de corte e aplicaçäo de EDTA, por 3 minutos, sobre a dentina apicectomizada; Grupo III - Tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol situado a 1 mm aquém da superfície de corte e aplicaçäo da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio sobre o cimento obturdor e sobre a dentina apicetomizada; Grupo IV - Tratamento endodôntico, via retrógrada, com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol, situado a 1 mm aquém da superfície de corte e aplicaçäo de EDTA sobre a superfície dentinária e da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio sobre o cimento obturador e superfície dentinária ...

Quelantes em endodontia / Chelating agents in endodontics

Revisäo de literatura sobre o uso de quelantes, particularmente o EDTA, em endodontia. Säo abordados os seguintes aspectos: definiçäo de quelaçäo, as propriedades químicas e o modo de açäo EDTA e sua aplicaçäo em endodontia